Hope u all have fun in seeing those pictures
Tuesday, November 13, 2012
Saturday, April 28, 2012
Income and wealth distribution in Mexico
Income and wealth distribution in Mexico
Income gap seems to increase, wealth is not
equally distributed.
1.
In 2005, the per person
income for the richest 10% of the population in Mexico was $44,035. This figure
is over four times the national average, indicating that per person income in
Mexico is very unequally distributed. Gini index values range from 0 (perfect equality) to 100
(extreme inequality with all wealth in the hands of a single individual). Mexico’s
Gini index of 48 is high, indicating that inequality remains a real issue.
2.
There are some figures we need to take note: 44.2% of the
population, which means 49 646 658 people, is living blew the poverty line.
10.3% of the population, 11 793 889 people, is living under extreme poverty.
3.
In the last 25 year, the “real”
(adjusted for inflation) income of the richest 10% of Mexican households has
risen by 1.7%, compared to only 0.8% for the poorest 10% of households. The
average income of the richest 10% of households in Mexico is now a staggering
26 times higher than the average income for the poorest 10% of households. In
2008, the richest homes in Mexico had an average income of 228,900 pesos (about
20,800 dollars at the then exchange rate), compared to just 8,700 pesos (790
dollars) for the poorest 10% of homes.
Environmental impacts
Due to weak law enforcement and abuse of
policy, the environment degradation continues.
1.
Recent figures from INEGI
suggest that Mexico has lost almost 50% of its native forests due to logging
and clearance for farming and settlement.
2.
Gene-modified food such as corn
is imported from U.S. This causes problem for Mexican farmers, the gene modified
corn put the threat on the native corn and other plants.
3.
Increasing number of factories
and car population causes air pollution in major cities. Industry accounts for
17% of total sulfur dioxide emissions, and less than 1% of total particulate
emissions. Services account for 44% of the sulfur dioxide emissions, and transport
a further 38%. Most particulates came from unpaved roads (65% of the total) and
from wind-blown soil erosion (31%). Almost all the carbon monoxide (99%) and
nitrogen oxide (92%) added to the air came from transportation.
Potential benefits:
Increasing awareness of the importance of
the environmental conservation when people become more educated
There are technology available for
minimizing the hazardous impact brought by economic growth
Data released by the UN Environment
Programme (UNEP) puts Mexico in a lofty 4th place worldwide for the number of
trees planted since UNEP began its “Billion Trees Campaign” in 2007.
Friday, April 27, 2012
"Wealth of Nations" Download
Wealth of Nations is such a great book, which build the foundation of the classical economic theories. It is worthwhile for us to read it one more time.
Wealth of Nation by Adam Smith
download: http://115.com/file/dpk758ez
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Download the book written by Zvi Bodie
In this post, i would like to introduce one book named <Finance>. It is written by Zvi Bodie, and gives a brief introduction of financial market. It is worth of reading.
I will introduce more books. I hope you all can like it.
Download: http://115.com/file/c2a3oka8
I will introduce more books. I hope you all can like it.
Download: http://115.com/file/c2a3oka8
China Property Market
This article is written six months ago. Just post it here.
近一段时间以来，全国各地都在面临着不同程度的房价降低潮。这是人们所期望的，所盼望的。在北京，二环以内的房价由每平米一万八降到每平米一万三。这显示了市场正在显示其调控作用，但是更多的是政府干预的影响。但是，我们仍然不能调以轻心，也许在未来的某一段时间，高房价仍将到来。在这里，我们不禁要问，是什么造成了房价的高增长？背后的黑手又是什么？
我们经常听到房地产的增长是由于房地产市场背后的一只隐形的手的推动造成的，是由于房地产商的恶意囤积，恶意哄抬而造成的。但是事实真的就仅仅是这样吗？我承认有一些房地产商在恶意囤积土地，导致土地以及房地产市场的公平竞争消失，这对区域内的房地产有着影响。但是为什么这个影响会波及到全国呢？从沿海大城市到内陆的中小城市？还有一个有趣的现象，房地产波及的区域仅仅只是城市及其周边的地区，对于农村区域的影响却又是十分的小？这一切的都是为什么呢？
首先我们要看到中国的国情，中国实行的是一党专政，共产党在国内的统治是无可置疑的，其力量也会死无可置疑的。在强力的政府下，又有哪个房地产商有胆子去哄抬房价，挑战政府的权威呢？但是不得不提的是，从某一方面来说，政府也是乐于看见房价在可控的范围里提价的。房地产或者说房价，是政府与民争利的最大战场。因为它是政府的支柱产业，很遗憾，它关系到民众安身之求。不过，这里的“民”大致是指大中小城市的白领阶层，以及从农村去城市闯荡的青年精英。这个尺度把握地非常好，打捞一笔，又绝不会影响政局。因为高房价带来的灼伤，农村地区基本没有被波及。房价的上涨，政府乐观其成。但是未来3到5年的人口结构变化，将给高房价带来沉重打击，政府不得不改变策略。当今世界经济是泡沫式的经济。维持泡沫，必须有等量以上的后继资金持续注入，一旦后来者数量大幅下降，必然导致泡沫的破灭，股市如此，楼市亦然。
从人口统计学来观察，我发现一个惊人的规律：楼市疯狂上涨之后，当“25—34岁”这个群体数量走到历
育年龄，买房是一种“刚性需求”，一旦这种“刚性需求”下跌，前期大量炒作资金无法出逃，泡沫也就破
灭了。后继者大规模的消失，炒作者必然死翘翘。可以说，“25—34岁”婚育人口的剧烈变化对房地产市场的泡沫的兴衰存亡有着决定性的影响。可以看看“1990年日本房地产泡沫破灭”和“2007年美国次级债引发的房地产崩溃的例子。
80后将是中国高房价的最后一批买单者。这也并不是危言耸听。
以上的分析已经说明中国的房价在未来的十年之类很有可能会面临着大幅度的降低。但是也不排除其会增长的可能。
在上文中我们以及提到，国内的房地产商没有能力改变中国的房价，那么谁应该为中国前十年的高增长房价负责呢？
(以下为英文)
Whenever an economy is swamped by excess liquidity and goods inflation is capped, the prices of assets like real estate and stocks rise. Excess money has to go somewhere. When the amount of liquidity is exceptional, the rise of asset prices is similarly exceptional. In all the resulting asset bubbles, financial speculation and peculation accelerate. The recycling of China’s huge foreign exchange reserves was far from the only source of the tsunami of liquidity, but it was one of the largest. Chinese leaders have angrily denied that Chinese funds and inexpensive exports played this role, but ultimately it is a simple fact. Conversely, Western politicians have been far too quick to blame Chinese currency policies when the actual problem stemmed from the U.S. bubble demand, combined with high Chinese savings rates, that were the inexorable consequences of a huge, young Chinese population desperately needing to save to ensure that their children would receive good educations, and that they themselves would have adequate health care and retirement security given the country’s lack of adequate medical insurance, social security, and pensions. The Chinese government was investing proportionately huge sums to address those inadequacies, but the shortfalls were too large to be offset in anything less than decades.
简单一点，高房价的原因可以是国际热钱的涌入。国际热钱是以外币的形式进入中国市场，而等量的外币在国内必须要有等量等价的人民币与之兑换。国际热钱的流动是以亿为单位的而不是我们日常生活的中的一百一千，所以国际热钱的大量涌入导致了人民币的大量印刷。我们都知道，纸币是一种信誉货币，它不像贵重金属一样是硬通货，它是基于一个政府的信誉上而定值的。纸币的发行也必须要有一个与之等价的物品来作为凭证，否则这个纸币便是物价的。比如，一颗钻石价值10万美金，那么这颗钻石就保证了这标明为10万的纸币的价值，这是为人们所接受的。
而在国内的情况，国际热钱的凭证便是房产。因为货物是流通的，货币也是具有流通性的。当房地产从修建者到中介者手中时，其价值则是提高了许多。而房产到了人民手里是，其价值又升高了许多。但是房产实际价值升高了吗？房子还是原来一套房子，只是人们对房子的perceived value提高了。这种利用房产以及其derivatives(金融衍生品) 的perceived value升高的手段wall street 的 hedge managers 在美国次贷危机之前也用过，这导致了美国房地产泡沫的破灭。国内面临的情况有许多相似之处，因为perceived value 的提高，更多的货币被印出来，来体现其价值。这导致了通货膨胀的产生。这时，我们遇到了一个dilemma。 如果我们抑制房价，房子价值大幅下降，那么那些多出来的货币则会导致货币直接的贬值，通货膨胀直接发生。但是我们继续让房价提高，通货膨胀率会越来越高。其结果可能更加严重。
现在的房价的降低则是政府有效调控的体现。而以上的段落着描述了1年前房价疯涨的缘故之一，房价的增长其实是个complex issue. 不可能在有限的文段里把所有的问题描述完整，我只是提供了有限的，比较重要的几个解释。另外说一句，能与政府对抗的就只有国外财团，国际热钱的涌入也是他们所造成的结果。但是虽然中国已经加入了wto， 向世界open market，但是国外财团的渗透不应该这么深，对国内重要的房地产市场不可能这么大～。国内政府虽然很希望引进外资，但是对外资仍然有某种程度上的防范。这都表明国外财团在国内有自己的合作者已及代言人。但是其中的暗箱操作又是什么，又是如何，那就不是我能够知道的了。我对我们的政府还是有信心的，政府不管出于什么样的利益都是会维持国内市场的稳定的。
以上文章属于自己的见解，只做参考，不做为最终结论。谁也不知道自己是否正确。
近一段时间以来，全国各地都在面临着不同程度的房价降低潮。这是人们所期望的，所盼望的。在北京，二环以内的房价由每平米一万八降到每平米一万三。这显示了市场正在显示其调控作用，但是更多的是政府干预的影响。但是，我们仍然不能调以轻心，也许在未来的某一段时间，高房价仍将到来。在这里，我们不禁要问，是什么造成了房价的高增长？背后的黑手又是什么？
我们经常听到房地产的增长是由于房地产市场背后的一只隐形的手的推动造成的，是由于房地产商的恶意囤积，恶意哄抬而造成的。但是事实真的就仅仅是这样吗？我承认有一些房地产商在恶意囤积土地，导致土地以及房地产市场的公平竞争消失，这对区域内的房地产有着影响。但是为什么这个影响会波及到全国呢？从沿海大城市到内陆的中小城市？还有一个有趣的现象，房地产波及的区域仅仅只是城市及其周边的地区，对于农村区域的影响却又是十分的小？这一切的都是为什么呢？
首先我们要看到中国的国情，中国实行的是一党专政，共产党在国内的统治是无可置疑的，其力量也会死无可置疑的。在强力的政府下，又有哪个房地产商有胆子去哄抬房价，挑战政府的权威呢？但是不得不提的是，从某一方面来说，政府也是乐于看见房价在可控的范围里提价的。房地产或者说房价，是政府与民争利的最大战场。因为它是政府的支柱产业，很遗憾，它关系到民众安身之求。不过，这里的“民”大致是指大中小城市的白领阶层，以及从农村去城市闯荡的青年精英。这个尺度把握地非常好，打捞一笔，又绝不会影响政局。因为高房价带来的灼伤，农村地区基本没有被波及。房价的上涨，政府乐观其成。但是未来3到5年的人口结构变化，将给高房价带来沉重打击，政府不得不改变策略。当今世界经济是泡沫式的经济。维持泡沫，必须有等量以上的后继资金持续注入，一旦后来者数量大幅下降，必然导致泡沫的破灭，股市如此，楼市亦然。
从人口统计学来观察，我发现一个惊人的规律：楼市疯狂上涨之后，当“25—34岁”这个群体数量走到历
育年龄，买房是一种“刚性需求”，一旦这种“刚性需求”下跌，前期大量炒作资金无法出逃，泡沫也就破
灭了。后继者大规模的消失，炒作者必然死翘翘。可以说，“25—34岁”婚育人口的剧烈变化对房地产市场的泡沫的兴衰存亡有着决定性的影响。可以看看“1990年日本房地产泡沫破灭”和“2007年美国次级债引发的房地产崩溃的例子。
80后将是中国高房价的最后一批买单者。这也并不是危言耸听。
以上的分析已经说明中国的房价在未来的十年之类很有可能会面临着大幅度的降低。但是也不排除其会增长的可能。
在上文中我们以及提到，国内的房地产商没有能力改变中国的房价，那么谁应该为中国前十年的高增长房价负责呢？
(以下为英文)
Whenever an economy is swamped by excess liquidity and goods inflation is capped, the prices of assets like real estate and stocks rise. Excess money has to go somewhere. When the amount of liquidity is exceptional, the rise of asset prices is similarly exceptional. In all the resulting asset bubbles, financial speculation and peculation accelerate. The recycling of China’s huge foreign exchange reserves was far from the only source of the tsunami of liquidity, but it was one of the largest. Chinese leaders have angrily denied that Chinese funds and inexpensive exports played this role, but ultimately it is a simple fact. Conversely, Western politicians have been far too quick to blame Chinese currency policies when the actual problem stemmed from the U.S. bubble demand, combined with high Chinese savings rates, that were the inexorable consequences of a huge, young Chinese population desperately needing to save to ensure that their children would receive good educations, and that they themselves would have adequate health care and retirement security given the country’s lack of adequate medical insurance, social security, and pensions. The Chinese government was investing proportionately huge sums to address those inadequacies, but the shortfalls were too large to be offset in anything less than decades.
简单一点，高房价的原因可以是国际热钱的涌入。国际热钱是以外币的形式进入中国市场，而等量的外币在国内必须要有等量等价的人民币与之兑换。国际热钱的流动是以亿为单位的而不是我们日常生活的中的一百一千，所以国际热钱的大量涌入导致了人民币的大量印刷。我们都知道，纸币是一种信誉货币，它不像贵重金属一样是硬通货，它是基于一个政府的信誉上而定值的。纸币的发行也必须要有一个与之等价的物品来作为凭证，否则这个纸币便是物价的。比如，一颗钻石价值10万美金，那么这颗钻石就保证了这标明为10万的纸币的价值，这是为人们所接受的。
而在国内的情况，国际热钱的凭证便是房产。因为货物是流通的，货币也是具有流通性的。当房地产从修建者到中介者手中时，其价值则是提高了许多。而房产到了人民手里是，其价值又升高了许多。但是房产实际价值升高了吗？房子还是原来一套房子，只是人们对房子的perceived value提高了。这种利用房产以及其derivatives(金融衍生品) 的perceived value升高的手段wall street 的 hedge managers 在美国次贷危机之前也用过，这导致了美国房地产泡沫的破灭。国内面临的情况有许多相似之处，因为perceived value 的提高，更多的货币被印出来，来体现其价值。这导致了通货膨胀的产生。这时，我们遇到了一个dilemma。 如果我们抑制房价，房子价值大幅下降，那么那些多出来的货币则会导致货币直接的贬值，通货膨胀直接发生。但是我们继续让房价提高，通货膨胀率会越来越高。其结果可能更加严重。
现在的房价的降低则是政府有效调控的体现。而以上的段落着描述了1年前房价疯涨的缘故之一，房价的增长其实是个complex issue. 不可能在有限的文段里把所有的问题描述完整，我只是提供了有限的，比较重要的几个解释。另外说一句，能与政府对抗的就只有国外财团，国际热钱的涌入也是他们所造成的结果。但是虽然中国已经加入了wto， 向世界open market，但是国外财团的渗透不应该这么深，对国内重要的房地产市场不可能这么大～。国内政府虽然很希望引进外资，但是对外资仍然有某种程度上的防范。这都表明国外财团在国内有自己的合作者已及代言人。但是其中的暗箱操作又是什么，又是如何，那就不是我能够知道的了。我对我们的政府还是有信心的，政府不管出于什么样的利益都是会维持国内市场的稳定的。
以上文章属于自己的见解，只做参考，不做为最终结论。谁也不知道自己是否正确。
Friday, April 20, 2012
Jade: the story of a spendthrift
Perhaps, many of you are not familiar or have no idea of Jade. Jade is an ornamental stone. It usually consists of two types:
- Nephrite consists of a microcrystaline interlocking fibrous matrix of the calcium, magnesium-iron rich amphibole mineral series tremolite(calcium-magnesium)-ferroactinolite (calcium-magnesium-iron). The middle member of this series with an intermediate composition is calledactinolite (the silky fibrous mineral form is one form of asbestos). The higher the iron content the greener the colour.
- Jadeite is a sodium- and aluminium-rich pyroxene. The gem form of the mineral is a microcrystaline interlocking crystal matrix.
Both kinds of Jade are highly valued by Chinese. One small Jade stone with perfect carving can be sold more than hundreds of thousands. The appreciation of Chinese towards Jade has been a long story which can be traced back thousand years ago. There is even one saying that "The righteous person should wear the jewelry of Jade ".
Ok! I think it is enough for the summary of the jade.( Actually it is not even a summary, there is far more things to talk about.) Today, i wanna to introduce one person, he is the Burma people, but descendant of Chinese. He was once a very rich person, owning 18 Jade mines, but he is also a spendthrift, spending all family fortune in one year. He is Hu Yanrong, 胡焱荣.
Hu's family has run the Jade mines in Burma for four generations. The hard work and intelligence of the family has brought them fortune. In 1965, Hu was born in the Chinese family in Burma. In 1995, Hu went to Taiwan to study Chinese. When he saw the "cabbage Jade" in the Palace Museum. He was astonished and enchanted by the delicacy of such masterwork and beauty of the Jade. He then determined to become the master of Jade-carving. He used 20 years to collect many jade stones which are nearly perfection. He didn't sell them, but used for his own practices of carving. In other family members' viewpoint, he was quite a spendthrift.
Because of the high hardness and vulnerability of jade stones, it is super difficult to carve. One masterwork needs one to three years to complete the carving. The Palace Museum has two such masterwork of Jade carving, they are valued more than 1 billion RMB.
Ok, now let's see some of the Jade stone.
Saturday, April 7, 2012
something happened in this week
It is exactly one week from the time writing my last blog. Actually before last blog, i was thinking to continue blogging every two days. Now i think i simply can't keep to my promise. There are so much things left for me, i just can't find free time to blog something. Today was also another very exhausted day. I had my discussion for light-control of drama nite. In fact, the whole week was packed with stuff related to drama nite. It's a pretty big event for me in this year. Especially it is my last year in this school. I wanna have a wonderful memory which i can think of when getting older.
Now talking about the drama nite, there are too much to say. Firstly in my part, the light system in the performing theater just got accidental technical breakdown. The controlling button fails to correspond to individual light. That means it is impossible to control each light in the control room. Luckily the system controlling the intelligence light still works. However all spot-light and face-light can't be manipulated. If i wanna switch on one spot-light, all spot-light and face-light will be turned on at the same time. That's so bad :(
Now i have to use only 6 intelligent light and solo light to create the special effects. For everyone having the experience as light-controller, it is impossible to do so. I have to find other alternatives to compensate the awkward situation. Some alternatives such as torch light, projector and LED light and anything that can shine the light will be considered. But another thing come in, money. We are very short in budget. Oh!
Now all people place pressure on me. Directors, actors and other people keep emphasizing the importance of light to a play. Actually I understand what they concern, but is there anything more i can do about? Anyway, the performance is next Friday, six days to go!!!!! i need to work harder and present a wonderful night to all the audience~~ I shall not let my hard work for past two months forgone~
Good Luck!!
Now talking about the drama nite, there are too much to say. Firstly in my part, the light system in the performing theater just got accidental technical breakdown. The controlling button fails to correspond to individual light. That means it is impossible to control each light in the control room. Luckily the system controlling the intelligence light still works. However all spot-light and face-light can't be manipulated. If i wanna switch on one spot-light, all spot-light and face-light will be turned on at the same time. That's so bad :(
Now i have to use only 6 intelligent light and solo light to create the special effects. For everyone having the experience as light-controller, it is impossible to do so. I have to find other alternatives to compensate the awkward situation. Some alternatives such as torch light, projector and LED light and anything that can shine the light will be considered. But another thing come in, money. We are very short in budget. Oh!
Now all people place pressure on me. Directors, actors and other people keep emphasizing the importance of light to a play. Actually I understand what they concern, but is there anything more i can do about? Anyway, the performance is next Friday, six days to go!!!!! i need to work harder and present a wonderful night to all the audience~~ I shall not let my hard work for past two months forgone~
Good Luck!!
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